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Key Topics Covered:
- Historical and Foundational Concepts:
- Experiments by Priestley, Ingenhousz, Sachs, Hill, and Engelmann that revealed the essentials of the process.
- The Law of Limiting Factors (Blackman).
- The source of Oxygen (O2) via Photolysis of Water.
- The Red Drop and Enhancement Effect (Emerson).
- Light-Dependent Reactions:
- Structure and function of Photosystems I (P700) and II (P680).
- Electron transport chain components (Pheophytin, PQ, Cytochrome b6f, PC, FNR).
- Non-cyclic (Z-scheme) vs. Cyclic Photophosphorylation and their products (ATP, NADPH, O2).
- The role of the Proton Gradient and Chemiosmosis (ATP Synthase).
- Function of Accessory Pigments (Carotenoids, Chl-b) and Chlorophyll a.
- Dark Reactions (Calvin Cycle):
- Location (Stroma) and the role of RuBisCO.
- The three main steps: Carboxylation (RuBP + CO2), Reduction (ATP/NADPH use), and Regeneration (RuBP production).
- Energy requirements (18 ATP and 12 NADPH per glucose).
- The consequences of energy depletion (accumulation/depletion of intermediates).
- Adaptations and Environmental Factors:
- Photorespiration (oxygenase activity of RuBisCO) and its wasteful nature.
- C4 Pathway: Spatial separation (Mesophyll vs. Bundle Sheath Cells), role of PEPcase, and the extra energy cost to suppress photorespiration in hot/dry conditions.
- CAM Plants: Temporal separation (CO2 fixation at night) for water conservation.
- Impact of External Factors (Light, CO2, Temperature) and Internal Factors (Chlorophyll, RuBisCO) on the rate of photosynthesis.