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Quiz Topics:
- Neural Structure and Organization:
- Components of a Neuron: Soma (Nissl Granules), Dendrites (→Soma), Axon (→Terminal).
- Types of Neurons (e.g., Bipolar in Retina).
- Myelin Sheath (Oligodendrocytes in CNS, Schwann Cells in PNS) and Nodes of Ranvier.
- Nerve Impulse Conduction:
- Resting Membrane Potential (∼−70 mV) maintained by the Na+/K+ ATPase Pump (3 Na+ out, 2 K+ in).
- Action Potential (AP) steps: Depolarization (Na+ Influx), Repolarization (K+ Efflux).
- Saltatory Conduction: Impulse jumping from node-to-node on Myelinated Axons for faster transmission.
- Refractory Period (Absolute → No AP).
- Synaptic Transmission:
- Comparison of Chemical Synapses (Neurotransmitters, Synaptic Delay) and Electrical Synapses (Gap Junctions).
- Unidirectional conduction via Neurotransmitter Release.
- Post-synaptic effects: EPSP (Excitatory) vs. IPSP (Inhibitory).
- Divisions of the Nervous System:
- CNS (Brain and Spinal Cord) vs. PNS (Cranial and Spinal Nerves).
- ANS (Involuntary Control): Parasympathetic (Rest and Digest) vs. Sympathetic.
- Major Brain Regions and Functions:
- Hypothalamus: Homeostasis (Temperature, Thirst, Hunger), Autonomic Control, and Neuroendocrine Regulation.
- Medulla Oblongata: Vital Involuntary Functions (Heartbeat, Respiration).
- Cerebellum: Equilibrium, Posture, Coordinated Movement.
- Thalamus: Relay Station for Sensory Information to Cortex.
- Corpus Callosum: Connects Cerebral Hemispheres.