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Quiz Topics:
- Types of Movement and Muscles:
- Amoeboid Movement (Actin Polymerization in WBCs, Macrophage).
- Characteristics and location of Smooth Muscle (Involuntary, Visceral Organs) and Cardiac Muscle (Intercalated Discs).
- Role of Skeletal Muscle in Locomotion and Respiration (Diaphragm).
- Skeletal Muscle Structure and Fiber Types:
- Muscle organization (Epimysium, Endomysium).
- Sarcomere as the basic contractile unit (Z-line, A-band, I-band, H-zone).
- Mechanism of Muscle Contraction (Sliding Filament Theory):
- Roles of Actin (Thin Filament), Myosin (Thick Filament, Motor Protein).
- The regulatory complex: Troponin (Ca2+ Binding) and Tropomyosin (Active Site Cover).
- Role of Ca2+ release from SR and binding to Troponin-C.
- The Cross-Bridge Cycling: ATP Binding (→ Detachment), ATP Hydrolysis (→ Cocking), and Power Stroke (→ ADP+Pi Release).
- Human Skeletal System:
- Division into Axial Skeleton (Skull, Vertebrae, Ribs) and Appendicular Skeleton (Limbs Bones, Girdles).
- Key components: Vertebral Column (Cervical Vertebrae, Atlas, Axis), Ribs (True Ribs).
- Types of Joints (Pivot, Ball-and-Socket e.g., Hip/Shoulder) and their movements.
- Disorders:
- Osteoporosis (Estrogen Decline).
- Arthritis (Osteoarthritis, Rheumatoid Arthritis).
- Tetany (Low Ca2+ → Spasms).
- Muscular Dystrophy (Dystrophin Deficiency).