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Quiz Topics:
- Comparative Excretion:
- Ammonotelism (Ammonia), Ureotelism (Urea), and Uricotelism (Uric Acid) – toxicity, water requirements, and examples of organisms (e.g., bony fishes, mammals, reptiles/birds).
- Specialized excretory organs: Protonephridia (Flame cells), Malpighian Tubules, Antennal (Green) Glands.
- Anatomy of the Kidney:
- General structure (Cortex and Medulla) and key components (Renal Pelvis, Ureter).
- Structural units: Nephrons (Cortical vs. Juxtamedullary).
- The Renal Corpuscle (Glomerulus and Bowman’s Capsule).
- Urine Formation – The Three Steps:
- Glomerular Filtration: Driving forces (blood pressure difference between Afferent/Efferent Arterioles), GFR (∼180 L/day), and the Filtration Membrane (Endothelium, Basement Membrane, Podocytes).
- Selective Reabsorption: Location (PCT for maximum absorption of Glucose, Amino Acids), mechanisms, and percentage of filtrate returned to the blood (∼99%).
- Tubular Secretion: Substances secreted (H+, K+, Creatinine) and its role in acid-base balance.
- Urine Concentration and Osmoregulation:
- Structure and function of the Loop of Henle (Descending Limb permeable to H2O; Ascending Limb impermeable to H2O).
- The Counter-Current Mechanism involving the Loop of Henle and Vasa Recta to maintain the Medullary Osmolarity Gradient (300→1200 mOsmol/L).
- Hormonal Regulation:
- Juxtaglomerular Apparatus (JGA): Structure and role in sensing GBF/GFR.
- Renin-Angiotensin-Aldosterone System (RAAS): Cascade of activation and effects (Vasoconstriction, Aldosterone release).
- ADH (Vasopressin): Release trigger (Osmoreceptors → Hypothalamus) and action (Water reabsorption in DCT/CD).
- ANF (Atrial Natriuretic Factor): The counter-regulatory check on RAAS.
- Disorders and Treatments:
- Conditions like Uremia, Renal Calculi, and Glycosuria.
- Principles of Haemodialysis (Diffusion across a Semipermeable Membrane).