Biomolecules

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Quiz Question count : 30 (each try)

Topics Covered:

• Elemental Composition & Macromolecule Classes: Differences in elemental composition between the Earth’s Crust and the Human Body (especially $\text{C}$, $\text{N}$, $\text{O}$, $\text{Si}$) and the primary roles and classifications of $\text{Carbohydrates}$, $\text{Proteins}$, $\text{Lipids}$, and $\text{Nucleic}$ $\text{Acids}$.

• Protein Structure & Function: Stabilization of $\text{Primary}$, $\text{Secondary}$ ($\alpha$–$\text{helix}$, $\beta$–$\text{sheet}$), $\text{Tertiary}$, and $\text{Quaternary}$ structures; the significance of $\text{Peptide}$ and $\text{Disulphide}$ $\text{bonds}$; and the role of $\text{Zwitterions}$ in buffering.

• Nucleic Acid Chemistry: Structure of $\text{Nucleotides}$ ($\text{Nucleoside}$ + $\text{Phosphate}$), $\text{Phosphodiester}$ $\text{bonds}$, $\text{N}$–$\text{glycosidic}$ $\text{bonds}$, and the differences between $\text{DNA}$ ($\text{Thymine}$, $\text{Deoxyribose}$) and $\text{RNA}$ ($\text{Uracil}$, $\text{Ribose}$).

• Enzyme Kinetics & Regulation: Concepts of $\text{Activation}$ $\text{Energy}$ ($\text{Ea}$), $\text{Transition}$ $\text{State}$ ($\text{TS}$), $\text{Vmax}$, $\text{Km}$, and the effects of $\text{Temperature}$ (Q10​) and $\text{pH}$.

• Metabolic Traffic & Catalysis: The function of $\text{Metabolites}$ in maintaining a $\text{steady}$ $\text{state}$ ($\Delta G<0$) in $\text{open}$ $\text{systems}$ and the roles of $\text{Apoenzymes}$, $\text{Holoenzymes}$, $\text{Cofactors}$, and $\text{Coenzymes}$ (NAD+, $\text{FAD}$).

• Enzyme Inhibition: Distinction between $\text{Competitive}$ and $\text{Non}$–$\text{Competitive}$ $\text{Inhibition}$ and their effects on $\text{Vmax}$ and $\text{Km}$.

• Metabolite Classification: The distinction between $\text{Primary}$ $\text{Metabolites}$ (essential) and $\text{Secondary}$ $\text{Metabolites}$ (ecological/protective roles, e.g., $\text{Alkaloids}$, $\text{Toxins}$).