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Unit 1: Chemistry of Life
Properties of water, elements of life, macromolecules, enzyme structure and function, factors affecting enzyme activity
Unit 2: Cell Structure and Function
Cell organelles, prokaryotic vs eukaryotic cells, membranes and transport, compartmentalization, endosymbiosis theory
Unit 3: Cellular Energetics
Enzyme catalysis, cellular respiration (glycolysis, Krebs cycle, oxidative phosphorylation), fermentation, photosynthesis (light reactions, Calvin cycle), environmental factors
Unit 4: Cell Communication & Cell Cycle
Cell signaling, feedback mechanisms, cell cycle regulation, mitosis, meiosis
Unit 5: Heredity
Meiosis and genetic variation, Mendelian genetics, non-Mendelian inheritance, probability and inheritance patterns
Unit 6: Gene Expression & Regulation
DNA replication, transcription, translation, regulation of gene expression, mutations, biotechnology (PCR, gel electrophoresis, DNA sequencing)
Unit 7: Natural Selection
Darwin’s theory, evidence for evolution, population genetics (Hardy-Weinberg), speciation, phylogenetics, adaptations, artificial selection
Unit 8: Ecology
Ecosystem dynamics, energy flow, population ecology, community ecology, biodiversity, conservation biology