Breathing and Exchange of Gases

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Quiz Topics Covered:

• • Breathing Mechanics (Inspiration & Expiration):
    • Roles of the diaphragm and intercostal muscles.
    • Pressure dynamics: Intrapulmonary and Intrapleural pressure changes and their relation to atmospheric pressure.
    • Active vs. Passive nature of inspiration and normal expiration.
    • Respiratory Volumes and Capacities:
      • Definitions and typical values for Tidal Volume (TV), IRV, ERV, Residual Volume (RV).
      • Calculation and significance of capacities: VC, FRC, TLC.
    • Gas Exchange and Transport:
      • The principle of simple diffusion based on partial pressure gradients (PO₂ and PCO₂).
      • Composition and structure of the diffusion membrane (alveolar and capillary layers).
      • Oxygen Transport: The Oxygen-Dissociation Curve and factors causing the Bohr Effect (Right Shift) (low pH, high PCO₂, high temperature).
      • Carbon Dioxide Transport: Major forms of transport (Bicarbonate via Carbonic Anhydrase, Carbamino-haemoglobin).
      • The Haldane Effect and Chloride Shift.
    • Regulation of Respiration:
      • The location and function of the central regulatory centres (DRG, VRG, Pneumotaxic, Apneustic Centres).
      • The role of Chemoreceptors (Central and Peripheral) and their sensitivity to PCO₂, H⁺, and PO₂.
    • Cellular Respiration (Glycolysis):
      • Location (cytoplasm) and basic net yield (2ATP + 2 NADH + 2 Pyruvate).
      • Role of Fermentation in regenerating NAD⁺ (lactic acid pathway).
    • Comparative and Applied Physiology:
      • Respiration in other organisms (amphibians, insects, fish).
      • Understanding of common respiratory disorders (Asthma, Emphysema, Fibrosis) and the effects of Carbon Monoxide (CO) poisoning.