Kinesiology

Ball-and-socket joints, such as the shoulder and hip, allow for movement in multiple planes and directions, providing the greatest range of motion.

Second-class levers provide a mechanical advantage, allowing a smaller force to lift a larger load, such as in the action of the calf muscles during plantarflexion

The center of mass is the point where the body’s mass is evenly distributed in all directions, allowing for balance and stability.

In an isometric contraction, the muscle remains the same length while generating force, such as holding a weight in a fixed position.

The rotator cuff muscles (supraspinatus, infraspinatus, teres minor, and subscapularis) are primarily responsible for stabilizing the shoulder joint and allowing smooth rotation.

A first-class lever has the fulcrum between the effort and the load. An example is the neck muscles (effort) pulling on the head (load) with the atlanto-occipital joint as the fulcrum.

Movements like trunk rotation or twisting occur in the transverse plane, which divides the body into upper and lower halves.

The deltoid muscle, particularly its middle fibers, is the primary muscle responsible for shoulder abduction.

Eccentric contractions occur when a muscle lengthens while still generating force, often during the lowering phase of a movement.