Coordinate bonding

The lone pairs on oxygen form hydrogen bonds by interacting with hydrogen atoms of adjacent water molecules, contributing to water’s high boiling point and surface tension.

A nucleophile is an electron-pair donor. The lone pair on nitrogen in NH₃ allows ammonia to act as a nucleophile, donating electrons to form bonds with electrophiles.

In the formation of NH₄⁺, nitrogen donates a lone pair of electrons to the hydrogen ion (H⁺), forming a coordinate bond.

The two lone pairs on oxygen in water repel the hydrogen atoms, reducing the bond angle and giving water its bent shape.

The lone pair on nitrogen in NH₃ can be donated to an H⁺ ion, forming a coordinate bond and resulting in the ammonium ion (NH₄⁺).

Ammonia acts as a Lewis base by donating a lone pair of electrons from the nitrogen atom to form coordinate bonds with acceptor species

In NH₄⁺, the nitrogen atom donates a lone pair of electrons to bond with a proton (H⁺), forming a coordinate bond.

The oxygen atom in H₂O has two lone pairs of electrons, making it capable of donating these to form coordinate bonds, such as in H₃O⁺

In the hydronium ion (H₃O⁺), the oxygen atom of the water molecule donates a lone pair of electrons to form a coordinate bond with an H⁺ ion.

A coordinate (dative) bond occurs when one atom donates a pair of electrons to another atom that has an empty orbital